Research Links & Critical Thinking Questions for December 2018 Topics

RESEARCH LINKS

Issue 1: Birthright Citizenship
Rep. Steve King: “Ending Birthright Citizenship Does Not Require an Amendment” 
The Federalist: Trump Sends Birthright Citizenship Trial Balloon
Politico: “Can Trump Revoke Birthright Citizenship? Nearly All Say No”   
National Review: “Birthright Citizenship – A Nutty Policy We’re Probably Stuck With” 
The News & Observer OpEd: “Executive Order Clarifying the 14th Amendment” 
CNN OpEd: “Revoking Birthright Citizenship Is Un-American”

Issue 2: Balanced Budgdet Amendment
Investopedia: What Is a Balanced Budget?
Peter G. Peterson Foundation: Balanced Budget Amendment Pros and Cons
Motley Fool: Advantages and Disadvantages of a Balanced Budget 
Balanced Politics: Yes/No Arguments on Balanced Budget Amendment 
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities: “Balanced Budget Amendment Poses Risks”   
Center for American rogress: “Reflections on the Congressional Budget Act”

CRITICAL-THINKING QUESTIONS

Issue 1: Birthright Citizenship
What is your interpretation of the 14th Amendment? Does its language grant citizenship to those born in the U.S. whose parents are undocumented? Why or why not?
Do you agree with Rep. Steve King’s interpretation of the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? Why or why not?
Do you believe the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment ensures citizenship for the children of illegal immigrants? Why or why not?
Do you think that ending birthright citizenship would resolve our immigration challenges? Why or why not?
What qualities do you think should define whether or not someone is a U.S. citizen?

Issue 2: Balanced Budgdet Amendment
1.    Do you think a balanced budget amendment is necessary in order for Congress to not spend more than it receives in revenue? Why or why not?
2.    What impact would a balanced budget amendment have on fiscal policy during a recession?
3.    Are you in favor of a balanced budget amendment? Explain why or why not.
4.    How would a balanced budget amendment affect the balance of power between the President and Congress? Between the federal courts and Congress?
5.    Should entitlement programs like Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security be cut in order to reduce the national debt? Why or why not?

Trivia Answers for November 2018 Topics

Smoking Age

1. Evidence shows that nicotine dependence is not correlated with younger ages of smoking initiation.
a)  True
b)  False

2. Smoking kills more people than ______.
a)  Alcohol and illegal drugs
b)  Car accidents
c)  Murders and suicides
d)  All of the above combined

3. In 2015, which state was the first to raise the minimum legal sale age for buying tobacco products to 21?
a)  California
 b)  Hawaii
c)  Oregon

4. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the racial/ethnic group that has the highest rate of tobacco use among U.S. middle and high school students is ________.
a)  American Indian/Alaska Native
b)  White
 c)  Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander
d)  Black

5. Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S.
a)  True
b)  False

Tech Regulations

1. The Russian government interfered in the 2016 U.S. presidential election in order to increase political instability in the U.S. and to damage Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign by bolstering which other candidate(s)?
a)  Donald Trump
b)  Bernie Sanders
c)  Jill Stein
d)  All of the above

2. The Honest Ads Act (S. 1989) was introduced in the Senate to promote regulation of campaign advertisements online. Which of the following senators was not a sponsor of this bill?
a)  Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN)
c)  Sen. Richard Burr (R-NC)
d)  Sen. Angus King (I-ME)
b)  Sen. Mark Warner (D-VA)

3. The companies that drive a large amount of growth in technology are sometimes referred to as GAFTA, an acronym for Google, Apple, Facebook, Twitter and Amazon.
a) True
b) False

4. In March 2018, Cambridge Analytica harvested the sensitive data of __________ Facebook users without their explicit permission.
a) 50 million
b) 87 million
c) 22 billion

Research Links & Critical Thinking Questions for November 2018 Topics

RESEARCH LINKS

Issue 1: Smoking Age

Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids: States & Localities That Have Raised the MLSA to 21
National Academy of Sciences: “Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco”
American Heart Association: “Tobacco, No Minor Issue” Fact Sheet 
American Lung Association: “Tracking Progress Toward Raising Minimum Sale Age” 
Study: “Raising the Tobacco Sales Age to 21: Surveying the Legal Landscape” (2016) 
Worth It: Tobacco Facts
Tobacco 21: Tobacco 21 Fact Sheet 

Issue 2: Tech Regulations

The Hill OpEd: “Regulate Social Media Just Like Other Media” 
Washington Post OpEd: “Don’t Regulate Facebook”
PBS: “Stopping Foreign Meddling in U.S. Elections Via Social Media Is Enormous Task” 
Senate.gov: Honest Ads Act (S. 1989) Section by Section
Debate.org: Should the Internet Be Regulated by the Government?
The Conversation: “Government Regulation of Social Media Would Be Worse”

 

CRITICAL-THINKING QUESTIONS

Issue 1:  Smoking Age

  1. Should the U.S. make it illegal for anyone under 21 to buy tobacco products in all states? Why or why not?
  2. Do you think increasing the minimum legal sales age for tobacco products infringes on young people’s rights? Why or why not?
  3. If cigarettes and other tobacco products were more difficult to obtain in stores, do you think teenagers would be less inclined to want them? Why or why not?
  4. What do you think is the appropriate minimum age for purchasing tobacco products? Why?
  5. What are the arguments for and against raising the minimum legal sales age for tobacco products? Which position do you agree with and why?

Issue 2: Tech Regulations

  1. Do you think the government should regulate tech companies like Facebook and Google? Why or why not?
  2. Read for pro and con congressional quotes on raising the smoking age on p. 3. Whose opinion do you agree most with, and why?
  3. Are social media platforms like Twitter subject to the First Amendment?
  4. Is there a right to free speech on social media owned by private tech companies?
  5. Do you trust social and search companies like Facebook and Google to regulate themselves? Why or why not?

 

Trivia Answers for October 2018 Topics

Minimum Wage

 

1.     The federal minimum wage for tipped workers is ____ an hour and hasn’t been raised since 1991.

a)    $2.13

b)    $4.02

c)     $5.45

 

2.          Who was the first female secretary of labor appointed to a presidential cabinet?

a)   Eleanor Roosevelt

b)   Frances Perkins

c)   Jeannette Rankin

 

3. In 2017, workers in which country clocked the most hours per week, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development?

a)   Costa Rica

b)   South Korea

c)   Mexico

 

4. What is the average number of hours worked per week by workers in Germany?

a)   26 hours a week

b)   33 hours a week

c)   40 hours a week

 

5. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, although workers under age 25 represented only about one-fifth of hourly paid workers, they made up about half of those paid the federal minimum wage or less in 2016.

a)   True

b)   False

 

Fuel Efficiency Standards

 

1.     According to the Environmental Protection Agency, diesel gasoline creates about ___% more carbon dioxide per gallon than regular unleaded.

a)    5% more

b)    15% more

c)     25% more

 

2.     Per the EPA, a typical passenger vehicle emits about _____metric tons of carbon dioxide a year, assuming the vehicle has a fuel economy of 22 miles per gallon and drives 11,500 miles a year.

a)    4.6 metric tons

b)    7.5 metric tons

c)     10.2 metric tons

 

3.     What is the name of the regulations that were enacted by Congress in 1975 to improve the average fuel economy of new cars and light trucks in the U.S.?

a)    Clean Power Plan (CPP)

b)    Affordable Clean Energy (ACE) Rule

c)     Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)

 

4.     California is the only state permitted to issue emissions standards under the federal Clean Air Act. Other states may choose to follow California’s standards but may not set their own.

a)    True

b)    False

5.     Who is the lead sponsor of the Clean and Efficient Cars Act of 2018, which would block federal agencies from creating loopholes in emissions standards?

a)    Sen. Kamala Harris

b)    Rep. Carolos Curbelo

c)     Rep. Doris Okada Matsui

 

Research Links & Critical Thinking Questions for October 2018 Topics

RESEARCH LINKS

Issue 1: Minimum Wage

U.S. Department of Labor: State Minimum Wage Laws
National Conference of State Legislatures: State Minimum Wage Laws
Economic Policy Institute: Minimum Wage Tracker  
The Guardian: “How Much Is an Hour Worth? The War Over Minimum Wage” 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Living Wage Calculator
Forbes: “McDonald’s Says Goodbye Cashiers, Hello Kiosks”
Issue 2: Fuel Efficiency Standards

Federal Register: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking from EPA and NHTSA
EPA: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle
InsideClimateNews: “How Pruitt’s EPA Is Weakening Clean Air Rules” 
Reuters: “U.S. States Vow to Fight Trump Rollback on Auto Emissions” 
Washington Post: “Trump Administration Says Weaker Fuel Standards Saves …”
EPA: Estimate Your Carbon Footprint Calculator

CRITICAL-THINKING QUESTIONS

Issue 1:  Minimum Wage

  1. Visit the U.S. Department of Labor link above to see if your state has a minimum wage law. How does your state compare to other states? Do you think it should be higher or lower than it is?
  2. How does the minimum wage issue relate to gender and race?
  3. Use the Living Wage Calculator (link above) to calculate your living wage. Should the U.S. should establish a “living wage” standard? Why or why not?
  4. Do you support or oppose raising the minimum wage? If you were speaking to a person who disagreed, what is the strongest argument in support of your position?
  5. Do you think that if the minimum wage was raised, it would ultimately help or hurt workers?

     

Issue 2: Fuel Efficiency Standards

  1. Does the responsibility to slow down or stop climate change belong to humans? Why or why not?
  2. Using the EPA’s Carbon Footprint Calculator (link above), calculate your carbon footprint. What does the term “carbon footprint” mean? Why do people care about their carbon footprint?
  3. On an individual level, what can you do to limit your “carbon contribution” to the environment?
  4. Are greenhouse gases a natural part of the earth’s climate system? Why or why not?
  5. Do you think the U.S. should weaken their fuel-efficiency standards? Why or why not?

SGAP Teacher Spotlight for October 2018 (Stephanie Cooper, Boyd, TX)

Stephanie Cooper

Name:  Stephanie Cooper
Title: Teacher, Social Studies Department Team Leader
School Name: Boyd High School
City, State: Boyd, TX
Subject(s) Taught: U.S. Government, Economics, Sociology, Psychology, and Junior/Senior Seminar
Grade(s) Taught: 10th, 11th and 12th grades
No. of Years Teaching: 10 years
Honors: 2008 James Madison Fellow for the State of Oklahoma; Oklahoma Governor’s Commendation; Durant High Teacher of the Year (2005 and 2007); United States Air Force Veteran

 

In the large state of Texas lies a small town named Boyd, located about 30 miles northwest from the Dallas-Fort Worth metro area, where Stephanie Cooper teaches social studies classes at the town’s public high school.

Cooper, who also serves as team leader of the social studies department, says her greatest teaching challenge is bringing to light the importance of social studies in an educational climate where schools prioritize the STEM subjects.

I think the greatest challenge is that emphasis in schools is placed on state-tested subjects such as math, science and English,” Cooper says. “The way our government works is vital knowledge for soon-to-be voting citizens, but I think it takes a back seat to math and science now.”

Why Active Citizenry Matters

Cooper says not placing an importance on teaching U.S. Government has far-reaching effects on the fabric of American society. “The effects I see, and have seen for quite some time, are low participation in voting by young people, not knowing how basic federal, state, and local government works, and no appreciation for how our Constitution came to be,” she says.

As a military veteran of the United States Air Force, Cooper says her experience serving her country has significantly influenced her teaching. “My experience in the U.S. Air Force has caused me to focus on the subject of U.S. Government and to make sure young people know the sacrifices that have come before them,” she says.

 

Spotlighting Social Studies

To bring to light the importance of social studies, Cooper believes social studies educators must keep finding new ways to educate youth. “Make sure to use opportunities such as Patriot Day, Constitution Day, and Freedom Week to put history and our country in the forefront,” she adds.

Cooper has also seen a rise in students’ interest in active participation as a result of school shootings such as the one in Parkland, Florida. “Young people are beginning to become more involved, largely because of school policies and dangers they now face in schools,” she says. “Students are nearly forced to participate in politics and government because their security and safety are on the line.”

“In fact, their future in general depends on how much they know about their government, and how much they participate,” Cooper continues. “There is a very real opportunity for young people to make their mark and lead in the way in how the United States government runs.”

Trivia Answers for September 2018 Topics

Supreme Court

1. Inscribed above the 16 marble columns of the U.S. Supreme Court Building’s front entrance are the words_______________________.
a)  Guardians of the Constitution
b)  Equal Justice Under Law
c)   Iura Novit Curia (The Court Knows the Law)

2. The number of justices who sit on the Supreme Court is determined by Congress and is currently set at eight Associate Justices and one Chief Justice.
a) True
b)  False

3. Who was the first female Supreme Court justice?
a)  Sandra Day O’Connor
b)  Ruth Bader Ginsburg
c)  Elena Kagan
d)  Sonia Sotomayor

4. In April 2017, the Republican-led Senate lowered the number of votes needed to end debate on Supreme Court nominations to 51 instead of 60. This is commonly called what?
a)  Quorum call
b)  Filibuster
c)  Nuclear option

5. Which of the following Supreme Court nominees was either rejected by the Senate or withdrew their candidacy?
a)  Robert Bork
b)  Clarence Thomas
c)  Harriet Miers
d)  Both A and C

Bullying Laws

1. The definition of bullying recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention includes which of the following characteristics?
a)  Intentional aggression
b)  Power imbalance between aggressor and victim
c)  Repetition of the aggression
d)  All of the above

2. What  type of bullying is the most common form of bullying?
a)  Physical
b)  Verbal
c)  Cyber
d)  Sexual

3. How do you recognize someone who bullies?
a)  Size
b)  Gender
c)  Behavior
d)  Age

4. Who are young people most likely to report bullying to?
a)  Teacher
b)  Friend
c)  Family member
d)  Boyfriend or girlfriend

5. Boys are primarily bullied by boys and girls are primarily bullied by girls.
a)  True
b)  False

Research Links & Critical Thinking Questions for September 2018 Topics

RESEARCH LINKS

Issue 1: Supreme Court
supremecourt.gov: About the U.S. Supreme Court   
Georgetown University: Supreme Court Nomination and Confirmation Process
Supreme Court Historical Society: How the Court Works
landmarkcases.org: Landmark Cases of the U.S. Supreme Court 
NYT: “10 Supreme Court Cases Every Teen Should Know” 
CNN: “Where Supreme Court Nominee Brett Kavanaugh Stands on the Issues”  

Issue 2: Bullying Laws
stopbullying.gov: List of State Laws on Bullying
Text of Pennsylvania State Rep. Frank Burns’ House Bill 2217
Bully Police USA: Watchdog Reporting on State Anti-Bullying Laws 
Huffington Post OpEd: “Why Criminalizing Bullying Is the Wrong Approach” 
Crisis Prevention Institute: 5 School Bullying Misperceptions
Psychology Today OpEd: “Anti-Bullying Laws Punish the Tax Payer” 
cyberbullying.org: Cyberbullying Statistics

CRITICAL-THINKING QUESTIONS

Issue 1:  Supreme Court

  1. Do you think Supreme Court justices should take an active role in politics? Why or why not?
  2. What defines a “conservative” or “liberal” Supreme Court justice?
  3. What is a justice’s responsibility when their personal opinions are in conflict with the rule of law in a case?
  4. Should the people be allowed to approve Supreme Court appointments instead of, or in addition to, the U.S. Senate? Why or why not?
  5. Read the “10 Supreme Court Cases Every Teen Should Know” article (link above) and explain how the Supreme Court affects your life personally?

Issue 2: Bullying Laws

  1. Do you think parents should be fined if their child bullies? Why or why not?
  2. What kind of interventions can young people use to prevent or stop bullying? List three things you could do to defuse a bullying situation.
  3. Do you think you’ve ever bullied someone? If so, why? What made you stop or continue to bully?
  4. Do you think bullying is a serious problem in your school? Why or why not?
  5. What can be done to make schools safer and more inclusive?